Iranian jurist and theologian.

• One of the founding figures of Sufism (Islamic mysticism)

German theologian and scholastic philosopher.

• Attempted to reconcile Christian doctrine with Aristotle''s teachings

English mathematician and philosopher.

• Wrote The Principles of Natural Knowledge

Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato and tutor to Alexander the Great.

• His philosophic and scientific system reigned supreme in Western thought until the late 17th century

German philosopher.

• Founder of Pessimism

French mathematician and philosopher.

• Coined the term ''''sociology''''; founded Positivism

North African theologian and writer.

• Sought to fuse Platonic and Christian views of the universe; wrote Confessions

Spanish-born Arabic philosopher and physician.

• Wrote on a wide variety of subjects, including jurisprudence, medicine and astronomy, but is best known for his commentaries on Aristotle

Dutch philosopher.

• Proponent of pantheism

American mathematician and philosopher.

• Founder of Pragmatism

Chinese philosopher.

• Established a system of principles and values that remain influential in East Asian society

Japanese scholar.

• Introduced Zen Buddhism to the West

Scottish philosopher and historian.

• Deeply influenced later metaphysicists

German philosopher.

• Founder of Phenomenology

Swedish scientist, philosopher, mystic and religious writer.

• Abandoned his scientific career to devote himself to Biblical interpretation and recording his visions

German Idealist philosopher.

• Professor, lecturer and author of many books

German moral philosopher.

• His theories had a strong influence on German attitudes during World War I and the Third Reich

German theologian.

• Considered the founder of modern Protestant theology

German philosopher.

• Founded the absolute Idealist philosophy known as Hegelianism

English Realist philosopher.

• Wrote Principia Ethica

Irish bishop, philosopher and scientist.

• An Empiricist, he believed that the essence of being was to perceive things and to be perceived by others

Italian philosopher.

• Champion of Copernican cosmology who was burned at the stake for this and other beliefs

Italian philosopher.

• Attempted to describe laws common to the evolution of all societies

French philosopher.

• Wrote Matter and Memory

English philosopher.

• One of the few modern thinkers to attempt to construct a system encompassing all known phenomena

Swiss religious reformer.

• Led the Protestant movement in Zurich

German philosopher and mystic.

• Believed in the necessity of evil as a complementary principle to goodness

Scottish historian and philosopher.

• Founder of philosophic radicalism

French social philosopher.

• Wrote Discours sur les Arts et Sciences, which proposed that the savage state is superior to the civilized

English jurist and philosopher.

• A Utilitarianist, he believed that governments should work for the ''''greatest happiness of the greatest number''''

German philosopher and Lutheran theologian.

• Leading figure of the Sturm und Drang (''''Storm and Stress'''') movement

German philosopher and metaphysician.

• Exponent of transcendental idealism

American philosopher and educator.

• Pragmatist philosopher and a leader of the progressive movement in American education

English philosopher and economist.

• Worked to apply his utilitarianism, idealism, and economic theories to improving social conditions

English philosopher and educator.

• Known as the father of English empiricism; wrote An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

American philosopher.

• Developed a philosophy of idealism that emphasized individuality and will over intellect

German psychiatrist and Existentialist philosopher.

• Wrote Psychologie der Weltanschauungen (''''Psychology of World Views'''')

Swiss theologian and educator.

• Champion of dialectic theology

American philosophic and literary critic.

• Founder of New Criticism

Chinese philosopher of the fifth century B.C.

• Founded Taoism

French philosopher and author.

• Wrote La Mentalité primitive

Austrian-born English philosopher.

• Wrote Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

Spanish-born Jewish philosopher.

• Attempted to reconcile Rabbinic Judaism with Aristotelian philosophy

Austrian-Jewish religious scholar, philosopher, and writer.

• Proponent of Hasidism and Jewish culture

German Existentialist philosopher.

• Wrote Sein und Zeit (''''Being and Time'''')

German-born American theologian and philosopher.

• Wrote The Courage to Be

Greek philosopher. Disciple of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle.

• Founded the Academy in Athens; wrote The Republic

American theologian who had a great influence on U.S. government policy.

• Wrote The Nature and Destiny of Man

Greek philosopher of the fifth century B.C.

• Socrates left no writings; his doctrines, the basis of idealistic philosophy, were recorded by his student Plato

Danish philosopher.

• Founder of Existentialism

Italian scholastic philosopher, writer and poet.

• Systematized Catholic theology in his Summa theologiae and Summa contra gentiles

English philosopher.

• Developed the theory of the social contract

American psychologist and philosopher.

• One of the founders of Pragmatism

Fourteenth-century English scholastic philosopher.

• Excommunicated for questioning the infallibility of the pope and his authority in civil affairs

English theologian, essayist and novelist.

• Anglican leader of the Oxford movement who later became a Roman Catholic cardinal

English philosopher.

• Devised an inductive (rather than deductive) system of logic

German metaphysician and transcendental philosopher.

• Founder of critical philosophy

Prominent American linguist and political activist

• Author of the landmark book Syntactic Structures, 1957, which is an investigation into language and universal grammar as a uniquely human faculty

American philosopher.

• Wrote Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling

Alexandrian mathematician and philosopher. Murdered by fanatics instigated by the bishop of Alexandria.

• People from throughout the known world came to the University at Alexandria to hear her lectures

Venetian scholar and composer. The first woman in the world to be awarded a doctoral degree.

• Awarded the Doctorate of Philosophy by the University of Padua, June 25, 1678

English botanist and philosopher.

• Wrote The Manifold and the One

German-born American philosopher.

• Wrote The Life of the Mind