Science and Philosophy
National Medal of Science Winners
The President of the United States presents this medal to persons who have distinguished themselves in engineering or the physical, biological, mathematical, behavorial, or social sciences.
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Allan M. Cormack (born 1924)
South African-born American physician who helped develop the CAT (computerized axial tomography) scan.
- 1990 National Medal of Science winner
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Arthur L. Schawlow (born 1921, died 1999)
American scientist who helped develop laser spectroscopy.
- 1991 National Medal of Science winner
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Charles H. Townes (born 1915)
American physicist known for his work in the field of quantum electronics.
- 1982 National Medal of Science winner
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Daniel Nathans (born 1928)
American microbiologist who developed techniques for analyzing DNA.
- 1993 National Medal of Science winner
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David Baltimore
American physiologist known for his work on the interaction of tumour viruses and genetic material in cells.
- 1999 National Medal of Science winner
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Donald J. Cram (born 1919)
American chemist who helped develop synthetic molecules that behave like organic molecules.
- 1993 National Medal of Science winner
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Dudley R. Herschbach (born 1932)
American chemist who developed the use of molecular beams to study chemical reactions.
- 1991 National Medal of Science winner
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Edward M. Purcell (born 1912, died 1997)
American physicist who developed nuclear magnetic measurement instruments.
- 1979 National Medal of Science winner
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Elias James Corey (born 1928)
American chemist whose work synthesizing molecules found in nature contributed to raising the standard of living in America.
- 1988 National Medal of Science winner
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Eugene P. Wigner (born 1902)
Hungarian-born American physicist.
- 1968 National Medal of Science winner
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Francis Peyton Rous (born 1879, died 1970)
American pathologist who discovered tumor-inducing viruses.
- 1965 National Medal of Science winner
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Fritz A. Lipmann (born 1899, died 1986)
German-American biochemist who co-discovered coenzyme A (a substance involved in the conversion of food into energy).
- 1966 National Medal of Science winner
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George Emil Palade
American physiologist known for his work on the structural and functional organization of the cell.
- 1986 National Medal of Science winner
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George J. Stigler (born 1911, died 1991)
American economist known for his studies of industrial structures and economic regulation.
- 1987 National Medal of Science winner
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Glenn T. Seaborg (born 1912, died 1999)
American nuclear chemist who helped discover nine elements, including plutonium.
- 1991 National Medal of Science winner
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Hans G. Dehmelt
American physicist who developed the ion trap technique.
- 1995 National Medal of Science winner
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Harold C. Urey (born 1893, died 1981)
American chemist who discovered deuterium (heavy hydrogen).
- 1964 National Medal of Science winner
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Henry Taube (born 1915)
Canadian-American chemist known for his research on metal ions.
- 1976 National Medal of Science winner
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Herbert Charles Brown (born 1912)
American chemist known for his work with boron compounds.
- 1969 National Medal of Science winner
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Herbert A. Simon
American economist known for his research into the decision-making process in economic organizations.
- 1986 National Medal of Science winner
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Jack Steinberger (born 1921)
German-born American physicist known for his studies of neutrinos.
- 1988 National Medal of Science winner
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James Dewey Watson (born 1928)
American biochemist who, along with Frances Crick, discovered the double helix structure of DNA.
- 1997 National Medal of Science winner
- 1997 National Medal of Science winner
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Robert J. Schrieffer
American physicist known for helping develop the theory of superconductivity.
- 1985 National Medal of Science winner
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John Bardeen (born 1908, died 1991)
American physicist who helped develop the transistor.
- 1965 National Medal of Science winner
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Joseph L. Goldstein
American physiologist known for his work on cholesterol metabolism.
- 1988 National Medal of Science winner
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Joshua Lederberg (born 1925)
American geneticist who discovered that viruses can carry genes from one bacterium to another.
- 1989 National Medal of Science winner
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Julian S. Schwinger
American physicist known for his work in quantum electrodynamics.
- 1964 National Medal of Science winner
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Konrad E. Bloch (born 1912)
American biochemist known for his studies of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism.
- 1988 National Medal of Science winner
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Leon M. Lederman (born 1922)
American physicist known for his studies of neutrinos.
- 1965 National Medal of Science winner
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Linus C. Pauling (born 1901, died 1994)
American chemist who utilized quantum principles in his study of molecular structure. In the political arena, he was a leading advocate of nuclear disarmament.
- 1974 National Medal of Science winner
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Marshall W. Nirenberg (born 1927)
American biochemist known for his work on the genetic code.
- 1964 National Medal of Science winner
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Melvin Calvin (died 1997)
American chemist known for his research on the assimilation of carbon dioxide in plants.
- 1989 National Medal of Science winner
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Michael Stuart Brown
American physiologist known for his studies of cholesterol.
- 1988 National Medal of Science winner
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Milton Friedman (born 1912)
American economist. One of the foremost proponents of laissez-faire economic policy.
- 1988 National Medal of Science winner
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Nicolaas Bloembergen (born 1920)
Dutch-born American physicist known for his contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy.
- 1974 National Medal of Science winner
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Norbert Wiener (born 1894, died 1964)
American mathematician.
- 1963 National Medal of Science winner
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Norman F. Ramsey (born 1915)
American physicist whose discoveries led to the development of the atomic clock.
- 1988 National Medal of Science winner
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Paul J. Flory (born 1910, died 1985)
American chemist whose studies of polymers led to the creation of nylon and synthetic rubber.
- 1974 National Medal of Science winner
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Paul Berg
American chemist known for his studies of the biochemistry of DNA.
- 1985 National Medal of Science winner
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Paul A. Samuelson (born 1915)
American economist who has made contributions to many diverse areas of economic theory.
- 1996 National Medal of Science winner
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Petrus J.W. Debije (born 1884, died 1966)
Dutch chemist who studied molecular structure. During World War II he moved to the United States, where he was known as Peter Debye.
- 1965 National Medal of Science winner
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Philip W. Anderson (born 1923)
American physicist whose discoveries made it possible to make key computer components at a low cost.
- 1982 National Medal of Science winner
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Richard P. Feynman (born 1918)
American physicist and author known for his work in quantum electrodynamics.
- 1979 National Medal of Science winner
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Robert Hofstadter
American physicist known for his studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei.
- 1986 National Medal of Science winner
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Robert B. Woodward (born 1917)
American chemist known for his work in organic synthesis.
- 1964 National Medal of Science winner
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Robert M. Solow
American economist known for his work on economic growth.
- 1999 National Medal of Science winner
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Robert N. Noyce
American scientist and inventor of the microchip.
- 1979 National Medal of Science winner
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Roger C.L. Guillemin
American physician known for his work on peptide hormone production in the brain.
- 1976 National Medal of Science winner
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Rudolph A. Marcus
Canadian-American scientist known for his studies of the transfer of electrons between molecules.
- 1989 National Medal of Science winner
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Severo Ochoa (born 1905, died 1993)
Spanish-American molecular biologist who synthesized RNA.
- 1979 National Medal of Science winner
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Sewall Wright
American evolutionary theorist.
- 1966 National Medal of Science winner
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Steven Weinberg
American physicist known for his studies of the electromagnetic interactions of elementary particles.
- 1991 National Medal of Science winner
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Thomas R. Cech
American scientist known for his studies of RNA.
- 1995 National Medal of Science winner
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Vannevar Bush (born 1890, died 1974)
American electrical engineer.
- 1963 National Medal of Science winner
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Wernher von Braun (born 1912, died 1977)
German-American rocket engineer.
- 1975 National Medal of Science winner
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Theodore von Kármán (born 1881, died 1963)
Hungarian-born American aeronautical engineer.
- 1962 National Medal of Science winner
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Luis Walter Alvarez
American physicist known for his contributions to elementary particle physics.
- 1963 National Medal of Science winner
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John Robinson Pierce (born 1910)
American engineer who developed the communications satellite.
- 1963 National Medal of Science winner
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Cornelius B. van Niel
Microbiologist.
- 1963 National Medal of Science winner
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Roger Adams (born 1889, died 1971)
American chemist.
- 1964 National Medal of Science winner
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Othmar H. Ammann (born 1879, died 1965)
Swiss-born American engineer who designed the Verranzo-Narrows bridge.
- 1964 National Medal of Science winner
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Charles Stark Draper
American aeronautical engineer.
- 1964 National Medal of Science winner.
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Solomon Lefschetz
American mathematician.
- 1964 National Medal of Science winner
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Neal Elgar Miller (born 1909)
American psychologist.
- 1964 National Medal of Science winner
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Harold Marston Morse
American mathematician.
- 1964 National Medal of Science winner
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Hugh L. Dryden
American physicist. Deputy director of NASA, 1958-65.
- 1965 National Medal of Science winner
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Clarence L. Johnson
American aeronautical designer.
- 1965 National Medal of Science winner
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Warren K. Lewis
- 1965 National Medal of Science winner
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William W. Rubey
American geologist.
- 1965 National Medal of Science winner
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George G. Simpson
American paleontologist.
- 1965 National Medal of Science winner
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Donald Van Slyke
American chemist.
- 1965 National Medal of Science winner
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Oscar Zariski
American mathematician.
- 1965 National Medal of Science winner
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Jacob Bjernes
- 1966 National Medal of Science winner
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Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (born 1910, died 1995)
Indian-born American physicist who studied the life-cycle of stars.
- 1966 National Medal of Science winner
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Henry Eyring
- 1966 National Medal of Science winner
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Edward F. Knipling
- 1966 National Medal of Science winner
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John W. Minor
- 1966 National Medal of Science winner
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William C. Rose
- 1966 National Medal of Science winner
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Claude E. Shannon (born 1916)
American mathematician.
- 1966 National Medal of Science winner
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John Hasbrouck van Vleck (born 1899, died 1980)
American physicist who studied the behavior of electrons in a magnetic environment.
- 1966 National Medal of Science winner
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Vladimir Zworykin (born 1889, died 1982)
Russian-born American engineer who invented the first all-electronic television set.
- 1966 National Medal of Science winner
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Jesse W. Beams
American physicist.
- 1967 National Medal of Science winner
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A. Francis Birch
Geologist.
- 1967 National Medal of Science winner
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Gregory Breit
American physicist.
- 1967 National Medal of Science winner
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Paul J. Cohen
- 1967 National Medal of Science winner
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Kenneth S. Cole
- 1967 National Medal of Science winner
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Louis P. Hammett
- 1967 National Medal of Science winner
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Harry F. Harlow
American psychologist.
- 1967 National Medal of Science winner
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Michael Heidelberger
- 1967 National Medal of Science winner
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George Kistiakowsky
Chemist.
- 1967 National Medal of Science winner
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Igor I. Sikorsky (born 1889, died 1972)
Russian-born American aeronautical engineer.
- 1967 National Medal of Science winner
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Alfred H. Sturtevant
American geneticist.
- 1967 National Medal of Science winner
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Horace A. Barker
- 1968 National Medal of Science winner
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Paul D. Bartlett
- 1968 National Medal of Science winner
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Bernard B. Brodie
Pharmacologist.
- 1968 National Medal of Science winner
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Detlev W. Bronk (born 1897, died 1975)
American physiologist.
- 1968 National Medal of Science winner
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Herbert Friedman
- 1968 National Medal of Science winner
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Jay L. Lush
- 1968 National Medal of Science winner
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Nathan M. Newmark
- 1968 National Medal of Science winner
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Jerzy Neyman (born 1894, died 1981)
Russian-born American mathematician and statistician.
- 1968 National Medal of Science winner
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Lars Onsager (born 1903, died 1976)
Norwegian-born American chemist who developed a general theory of irreversible chemical processes.
- 1968 National Medal of Science winner
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William Feller
- 1969 National Medal of Science winner
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Robert J. Huebner
- 1969 National Medal of Science winner
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Jack S.C. Kilby
American engineer.
- 1969 National Medal of Science winner
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Ernst Mayr (born 1904)
German-American zoologist.
- 1969 National Medal of Science winner
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Wolfgang K.H. Panofsky
- 1969 National Medal of Science winner
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Richard Dagobert Brauer (born 1901, died 1977)
German-born mathematician.
- 1970 National Medal of Science winner
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Robert Henry Dicke (born 1916, died 1997)
American physicist.
- 1970 National Medal of Science winner
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George E. Mueller
Administration educator at General Dynamics.
- 1970 National Medal of Science winner
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Albert B. Sabin (born 1906, died 1993)
Polish-American biologist who developed an oral, live-virus vaccine for polio.
- 1970 National Medal of Science winner
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Allan R. Sandage
American astronomer.
- 1970 National Medal of Science winner
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John C. Slater
American chemist.
- 1970 National Medal of Science winner
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John Archibald Wheeler (born 1911)
American physicist who helped develop the hydrogen bomb.
- 1970 National Medal of Science winner
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Saul Winstein
- 1970 National Medal of Science winner
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Daniel I. Arnon (born 1910)
Polish biochemist.
- 1973 National Medal of Science winner
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Carl Djerassi (born 1923)
Austrian chemist, educator and writer.
- 1973 National Medal of Science winner
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Harold E. Edgerton (born 19103, died 1990)
American electrical engineer and photographer who devoloped strobe photography.
- 1973 National Medal of Science winner
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William M. Ewing (born 1906, died 1974)
American geophysicist.
- 1973 National Medal of Science winner
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Vladimir Haensel
- 1973 National Medal of Science winner
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Frederick Seitz
American university administrator.
- 1973 National Medal of Science winner
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John W. Tukey
- 1973 National Medal of Science winner
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Richard T. Whitcomb
- 1973 National Medal of Science winner
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Robert P. Wilson
- 1973 National Medal of Science winner
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Erwin Chargaff (born 1905)
Austrian-American biochemist.
- 1974 National Medal of Science winner
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William A. Fowler
American physicist known for his studies on the formation of chemical elements.
- 1974 National Medal of Science winner
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Kurt Gödel (born 1906, died 1978)
Austrian-born American mathematician.
- 1974 National Medal of Science winner
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Rudolf Kompfer
- 1974 National Medal of Science winner
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James V. Neel
- 1974 National Medal of Science winner
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Ralph B. Peck
- 1974 National Medal of Science winner
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Kenneth S. Pitzer
- 1974 National Medal of Science winner
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James A. Shannon
- 1974 National Medal of Science winner
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Abel Wolman
American engineer.
- 1974 National Medal of Science winner
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John Backus
- 1975 National Medal of Science winner
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Manson Benedict
- 1975 National Medal of Science winner
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Hans A. Bethe (born 1906)
American astrophysicist who explained energy production in stars.
- 1975 National Medal of Science winner
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George B. Dantzig (born 1914)
American mathematical programmer.
- 1975 National Medal of Science winner
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Paul Gyorgy
- 1975 National Medal of Science winner
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Sterling B. Hendricks
- 1975 National Medal of Science winner
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Joseph O. Hirschfelder
- 1975 National Medal of Science winner
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William H. Pickering
American physiologist.
- 1975 National Medal of Science winner
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Lewis H. Sarett
- 1975 National Medal of Science winner
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Frederick E. Terman
American university administrator.
- 1975 National Medal of Science winner
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Orville A. Vogel
- 1975 National Medal of Science winner
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Morris Cohen
- 1976 National Medal of Science winner
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Kurt O. Friedrichs
- 1976 National Medal of Science winner
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Peter Carl Goldmark (born 1906, died 1977)
Hungarian-born American engineer who developed color television and the LP (long-playing) record.
- 1976 National Medal of Science winner
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Samuel Abraham Goudsmit (born 1902, died 1978)
Dutch-born American physicist.
- 1976 National Medal of Science winner
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Herbert S. Gutowsky
- 1976 National Medal of Science winner
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Erwin W. Mueller
Physicist.
- 1976 National Medal of Science winner
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Keith Roberts Porter (born 1912)
Canadian-born American cell biologist.
- 1976 National Medal of Science winner
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Efraim Racker
American biochemist.
- 1976 National Medal of Science winner
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Frederick D. Rossini
Chemist.
- 1976 National Medal of Science winner
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Verner E. Suomi
- 1976 National Medal of Science winner
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George E. Uhlenbeck (born 1900, died 1988)
Indonesian-American physicist who introduced the concept of quantum mechanical spin.
- 1976 National Medal of Science winner
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Edward O. Wilson (born 1929)
American biologist and writer.
- 1976 National Medal of Science winner
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Robert H. Burris
- 1979 National Medal of Science winner
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Joseph L. Doob
American mathematician.
- 1979 National Medal of Science winner
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Donald E. Knuth (born 1938)
American computer scientist.
- 1979 National Medal of Science winner
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Arthur Kornberg (born 1918)
American biochemist who discovered how DNA is replicated in the cell.
- 1979 National Medal of Science winner
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Emmett N. Leith
Electrical engineer.
- 1979 National Medal of Science winner
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Herman F. Mark
- 1979 National Medal of Science winner
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Raymond D. Mindlin
- 1979 National Medal of Science winner
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Earl R. Parker
American metallurgist.
- 1979 National Medal of Science winner
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Simon Ramo (born 1913)
American engineer and missile specialist.
- 1979 National Medal of Science winner
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John H. Sinfell
- 1979 National Medal of Science winner
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Lyman Spitzer, Jr.
- 1979 National Medal of Science winner
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Earl R. Stadtman
American biochemist.
- 1979 National Medal of Science winner
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Paul Alfred Weiss (born 1898, died 1989)
Austrian-born American biologist.
- 1979 National Medal of Science winner
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Victor F. Weisskopf
- 1979 National Medal of Science winner
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Philip Handler
- 1981 National Medal of Science winner
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Seymour Benzer (born 1921)
American molecular biologist.
- 1982 National Medal of Science winner
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Glenn W. Burton
American biologist.
- 1982 National Medal of Science winner
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F. Albert Cotton (born 1930)
American chemist.
- 1982 National Medal of Science winner
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Edward H. Heinemann
American aviator and engineer.
- 1982 National Medal of Science winner
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Donald Katz
American chemist.
- 1982 National Medal of Science winner
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Marshall H. Stone
- 1982 National Medal of Science winner
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Gilbert Stork (born 1921)
Belgian chemist.
- 1982 National Medal of Science winner
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Edward Teller (born 1908)
Hungarian-American physicist who helped develop the hydrogen bomb.
- 1982 National Medal of Science winner
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Howard L. Bachrach
- 1985 National Medal of Science winner
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Maurice Goldhaber (born 1911)
Austrian-born American physician.
- 1985 National Medal of Science winner
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Herman H. Goldstine
American mathematician.
- 1985 National Medal of Science winner
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William R. Hewlett
American engineer. One of the founders of the Hewlett-Packard company.
- 1985 National Medal of Science winner
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Helmut Landsberg
- 1985 National Medal of Science winner
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George M. Low
American space scientist.
- 1985 National Medal of Science winner
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Walter Munk
American geophysicist and oceanographer.
- 1985 National Medal of Science winner
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George C. Pimentel
Chemist.
- 1985 National Medal of Science winner
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Frederick Reines (died 1998)
American physicist who discovered the neutrino.
- 1985 National Medal of Science winner
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Wendell L. Roelofs
- 1985 National Medal of Science winner
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Bruno Rossi (born 1905)
Italian physicist.
- 1985 National Medal of Science winner
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John G. Trump
- 1985 National Medal of Science winner
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Richard N. Zare
- 1985 National Medal of Science winner
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Solomon J. Buchsbaum
- 1986 National Medal of Science winner
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Horace R. Crane
- 1986 National Medal of Science winner
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Herman Feshbach
- 1986 National Medal of Science winner
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Harry B. Gray (born 1935)
American chemist.
- 1986 National Medal of Science winner
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Donald A. Henderson (born 1928)
- 1986 National Medal of Science winner
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Peter D. Lax
- 1986 National Medal of Science winner
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Hans W. Liepmann (born 1914)
German-American physicist.
- 1986 National Medal of Science winner
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Carl S. Marvel
Chemist.
- 1986 National Medal of Science winner
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Vernon B. Mountcastle
- 1986 National Medal of Science winner
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Bernard M. Oliver (born 1916)
Electrical engineer and technical consultant at NASA.
- 1986 National Medal of Science winner
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Frank H. Westheimer (born 1912)
American chemist.
- 1986 National Medal of Science winner
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Antoni Zygmund (born 1900, died 1992)
American mathematician.
- 1986 National Medal of Science winner
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Philip Abelson (born 1913)
American phyisical chemist who, with Edwin McMillan, discovered the element neptunium.
- 1987 National Medal of Science winner
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Robert Bird
- 1987 National Medal of Science winner
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Raoul Bott
- 1987 National Medal of Science winner
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Michael E. DeBakey
- 1987 National Medal of Science winner
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Theodore Diener
- 1987 National Medal of Science winner
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Harry Eagle
American biologist.
- 1987 National Medal of Science winner
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Walter M. Elsasser (born 1904, died 1991)
German-born American physicist.
- 1987 National Medal of Science winner
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Michael Freedman
- 1987 National Medal of Science winner
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William S. Johnson
- 1987 National Medal of Science winner
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Paul C. Lauterbur
- 1987 National Medal of Science winner
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George E. Pake (born 1924)
American research executive and physicist.
- 1987 National Medal of Science winner
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Walter H. Stockmayer
- 1987 National Medal of Science winner
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Max Tishler
- 1987 National Medal of Science winner
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James A. Van Allen (born 1914)
American physicist.
- 1987 National Medal of Science winner
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Ernest Weber
- 1987 National Medal of Science winner
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William O. Baker
- 1988 National Medal of Science winner
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D. Allan Bromley
Physicist.
- 1988 National Medal of Science winner
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Paul C. W. Chu
- 1988 National Medal of Science winner
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Stanley N. Cohen
American physiologist who helped discover substances that stimulate the growth of cells.
- 1986, 1988 National Medal of Science winner
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Daniel C. Drucker (born 1918)
American engineer.
- 1988 National Medal of Science winner
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Ralph E. Gomery
- 1988 National Medal of Science winner
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Willis M. Hawkins
- 1988 National Medal of Science winner
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Maurice R. Hillerman
- 1988 National Medal of Science winner
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George W. Housner (born 1910)
American civil engineer.
- 1988 National Medal of Science winner
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Eric R. Kandel
Biochemist.
- 1988 National Medal of Science winner
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Joseph B. Keller
- 1988 National Medal of Science winner
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Walter Kohn (born 1923)
- 1988 National Medal of Science winner
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Arnold O. Beckman
Chemist.
- 1989 National Medal of Science winner
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Richard B. Bernstein
- 1989 National Medal of Science winner
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Harry G. Drinkamer
- 1989 National Medal of Science winner
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Herbert E. Grier
- 1989 National Medal of Science winner
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Viktor Hamburger
American zoologist.
- 1989 National Medal of Science winner
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Samuel Karlin
- 1989 National Medal of Science winner
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Philip Leder
- 1989 National Medal of Science winner
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Eugene N. Parker
Astrophysicist.
- 1989 National Medal of Science winner
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Robert P. Sharp
- 1989 National Medal of Science winner
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Donald C. Spencer (born 1912)
American mathematician.
- 1989 National Medal of Science winner
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Harland G. Wood
American biochemist.
- 1989 National Medal of Science winner
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Baruj Benacerraf (born 1920)
Venezuelan-born American pathologist noted for his work on autoimmune diseases.
- 1990 National Medal of Science winner
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Herbert W. Boyer
- 1990 National Medal of Science winner
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George F. Carrier (born 1918)
American mathematician.
- 1990 National Medal of Science winner
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Karl Folkers (born 1906)
American chemist known for isolating vitamin B-12.
- 1990 National Medal of Science winner
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Nick Holonyak
- 1990 National Medal of Science winner
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Leonid Hurwicz
- 1990 National Medal of Science winner
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Stephen C. Kleene (born 1909, died 1994)
American mathematician.
- 1990 National Medal of Science winner
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Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. (born 1920)
American biochemist.
- 1990 National Medal of Science winner
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Edward B. Lewis (born 1918)
American physiologist known for his studies of how genes control the structural development of the body.
- 1990 National Medal of Science winner
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John McCarthy
- 1990 National Medal of Science winner
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Edwin Mattison McMillan (born 1907, died 1991)
American physicist who, with Glenn Seaborg, discovered the element neptinium.
- 1990 National Medal of Science winner
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David G. Nathan
American physiologist.
- 1990 National Medal of Science winner
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Robert V. Pound
American physicist.
- 1990 National Medal of Science winner
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Roger ''R.D.'' Revelle
- 1990 National Medal of Science winner
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John D. Roberts
- 1990 National Medal of Science winner
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Patrick Suppes
- 1990 National Medal of Science winner
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Ronald Breslow
- 1991 National Medal of Science winner
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Alberto Calderon
Mathematician.
- 1991 National Medal of Science winner
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George H. Heilmeier (born 1936)
American electrical engineer and researcher.
- 1991 National Medal of Science winner
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Elvin A. Kabat
Immunologist.
- 1991 National Medal of Science winner
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Robert W. Kates
- 1991 National Medal of Science winner
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Salvador E. Luria (born 1912)
Italian-American biologist known for his work on the genetic structure of viruses.
- 1991 National Medal of Science winner
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Paul A. Marks
- 1991 National Medal of Science winner
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George A. Miller (born 1920)
American psychologist.
- 1991 National Medal of Science winner
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Edward C. Stone (born 1936)
American physicist.
- 1991 National Medal of Science winner
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Paul C. Zamecnik
- 1991 National Medal of Science winner
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Alan Newell (born 1927, died 1992)
American computer scientist.
- 1992 National Medal of Science winner
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Calvin F. Quate
- 1992 National Medal of Science winner
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Eugene M. Shoemaker (died 1997)
American planetary geologist.
- 1992 National Medal of Science winner
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Howard E. Simmons
- 1992 National Medal of Science winner
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Howard M. Temin (born 1934, died 1994)
American virologist who proved that viral RNA can cause cancer by producing infected DNA.
- 1992 National Medal of Science winner
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John Roy Whinnery
American electrical engineer.
- 1992 National Medal of Science winner
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Alfred Y. Cho (born 1937)
Chinese-American chemist.
- 1993 National Medal of Science winner
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Norman Hackerman
- 1993 National Medal of Science winner.
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Martin D. Kruskal
- 1993 National Medal of Science winner
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Ray Clough
- 1994 National Medal of Science winner
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John Cooke
- 1994 National Medal of Science winner
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Thomas Eisner
- 1994 National Medal of Science winner
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George Hammond
- 1994 National Medal of Science winner
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Robert King Merton (born 1910)
American sociologist.
- 1994 National Medal of Science winner
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Albert Overhauser (born 1925)
American physicist.
- 1994 National Medal of Science winner
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Frank Press (born 1924)
American geophysicist and presidential advisor, 1977-80.
- 1994 National Medal of Science winner
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G. Evelyn Hutchinson (born 1903, died 1991)
English-born American zoologist known for his work on the ecosystems of freshwater lakes.
- 1991 National Medal of Science winner
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Roald Hoffmann (born 1937)
Polish-born American chemist known for his theories on chemical reactions.
- 1985 National Medal of Science winner
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William K. Estes (born 1919)
Professor emeritus of psychology, Havard University
- 1997 National Medal of Science Winner in the Behavioral and Social Sciences
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Robert A. Weinberg (born 1942)
Member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical
- 1997 National Medal of Science Award winner
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Marshall N. Rosenbluth (born 1927)
Leader in the development of modern plasma theory
- 1997 National Medal of Science winner (Physical Sciences)
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Martin Schwarzschild (born 1912, died 1997)
Higgins Professor of Astronomy Emeritus, Princeton University, known for his research on stellar structure and evolution
- 1997 National Medal of Science laureate
- 1997 National Medal of Science recipient
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George W. Wetherill (born 1925)
Developed radiometric clocks that provide reliable dates for the origin and early history of the earth
- 1997 National Medal of Science winner
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William Julius Wilson (born 1935)
Professor of social policy at Havard University
- 1998 National Medal of Science winner
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Bruce N. Ames (born 1928)
Cancer and aging researcher
- 1998 National Medal of Science winner
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John W. Cahn (born 1928)
- 1998 National Medal of Science winner
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George M. Whitesides (born 1939)
- 1998 National Medal of Science winner
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Eli Ruckenstein (born 1925)
- 1998 National Medal of Science winner
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Don L. Anderson (born 1933)
- 1998 National Medal of Science winner
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John N. Bahcall (born 1934)
- 1998 National Medal of Science winner
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Wallace S. Broecker
- 1996 National Medal of Science winner
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Norman Davidson
- 1996 National Medal of Science winner
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James L. Flanagan
- 1996 National Medal of Science winner
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Richard M. Karp
- 1996 National Medal of Science winner
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Kumar Patel
- 1996 National Medal of Science winner
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Stephen Smale
- 1996 National Medal of Science winner
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Peter Goldreich
- 1995 National Medal of Science winner
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Hermann A. Haus
- 1995 National Medal of Science winner
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Louis Nirenberg
- 1995 National Medal of Science winner
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Alexander Rich
- 1995 National Medal of Science winner
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Roger N. Shepard
- 1995 National Medal of Science winner
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Felix E. Browder
American professor of mathematics and computer science
- 1999 National Medal of Science winner
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Coifman Ronald
Professor of Mathematics
- 1999 National Medal of Science winner
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James W. Cronin
American physicist
- 1999 National Medal of Science winner
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Diamond Jared
Professor of physiology
- 1999 National Medal of Science winner
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Leo F. Kadanoff
Professor of Physics and Mathematics
- 1999 National Medal of Science winner
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Rice A. Stuart
Professor of chemistry
- 1999 National Medal of Science winner
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John Ross
Professor of chemistry
- 1999 National Medal of Science winner
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Kenneth N. Stevens
Professor of engineering
- 1999 National Medal of Science winner
National Medal of Science Winners
The President of the United States presents this medal to persons who have distinguished themselves in engineering or the physical, biological, mathematical, behavorial, or social sciences.
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Gertrude Belle Elion (born 1918, died 1999)
American pharmacologist who, with George Hitchings, developed several important drugs for the treatment of disease.
- 1991 National Medal of Science winner
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Rita Levi-Montalcini (born 1909)
Italian-American neurologist who discovered a substance that stimulates the growth of nerve cells.
- 1987 National Medal of Science winner
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Rosalyn S. Yalow (born 1921)
American physicist who developed a technique for measuring small concentrations of substances in the blood.
- 1988 National Medal of Science winner
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Barbara McClintock (born 1902, died 1992)
American geneticist noted for her discovery of mobile genetic elements.
- 1970 National Medal of Science winner
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Elizabeth C. Crosby
- 1979 National Medal of Science winner
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Berta Vogel Scharrer (born 1906)
German-American neuroscientist.
- 1985 National Medal of Science winner
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Joan A. Steitz
- 1986 National Medal of Science winner
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Anne Anastasi
Psychologist.
- 1987 National Medal of Science winner
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Katherine Esau
- 1989 National Medal of Science winner
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Mildred S. Dresselhaus
- 1990 National Medal of Science winner
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Mary Ellen Avery
- 1991 National Medal of Science winner
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Luna B. Leopold
- 1991 National Medal of Science winner
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Eleanor J. Gibson
Psychologist.
- 1992 National Medal of Science winner
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Maxine F. Singer
- 1992 National Medal of Science winner
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Vera C. Rubin
- 1993 National Medal of Science winner
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Salome G. Waelsch
German-born American embryologist.
- 1993 National Medal of Science winner
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Elizabeth Neufeld
- 1994 National Medal of Science winner
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E. Margaret Burbidge
English astronomer. First female director of the Royal Greenwich Observatory, 1972-73.
- 1985 National Medal of Science winner
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Mildred Cohn
American chemist.
- 1982 National Medal of Science winner
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Isabella L. Karle
American chemist.
- 1995 National Medal of Science winner
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Darleane Christian Hoffman (born 1926)
Discovered Plutonium-244 in nature
- 1997 National Medal of Science winner for Chemistry
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Janet D. Rowley (born 1925)
Leading researcher in chromosome abnormality and leukamia
- 1998 National Medal of Science winner
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Cathleen Synge Morawetz (born 1923)
- 1998 National Medal of Science winner
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Ruth Patrick
- 1996 National Medal of Science winner
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Margulis Lynn
Professor of biological sciences
- 1999 National Medal of Science winner
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Susan Solomon
Professor of chemistry
- 1999 National Medal of Science winner
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